(287 BCE - 212 BCE)
Archimedes of Syracuse was an all-round scientist who became the greatest mathematician of antiquity. He made groundbreaking contributions to geometry, calculus, mechanics, and hydrostatics. He is famous for discovering the principles of buoyancy and the lever. His inventions included the Archimedes screw for raising water and various war machines. He reportedly shouted "Eureka!" upon discovering how to determine the purity of gold.